Evaluation of the effects of decoction of Ficus mucuso trunk stem bark (Moraceae) on lipopolysaccharide-induced schizoaffective psychoses in mice (Mus musculus).
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ficus mucuso is a plant from the Moraceae family used in traditional medicine in different regions of Cameroon to treat diabetes, epilepsy, and psychosis. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the decoction of Ficus mucuso bark fragments on mouse models of schizoaffective disorder induced by lipopolysaccharide.
Materials and methods: The plant material used was Ficus mucuso bark, which was harvested in Manwi (Ngaoundéré). Forty-two mice with a body weight of 18–30 g were used. Schizoaffective disorder was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg) for 21 days, after which the mice were treated with decoction at doses of 21.8, 43.5, 87, or 174 mg/kg, or haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg). The anxiolytic and memory effects, antioxidant potency, and phytochemical profile were evaluated.
Results: The evaluation of the pharmacological properties showed that Ficus mucuso reduced anxiety by significantly increasing the percentage of entries and the time spent in the open arms at the 21.8 and 43.5 mg/kg doses. At these doses, it also improved memory and learning capacity. The antioxidant power of Ficus mucuso was demonstrated by a significant decrease in MDA and a significant increase in GSH and CAT at doses of 21.8 and 43.5 mg/kg, as well as at 87 mg/kg. These results are comparable to those of haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg). The phytochemical profile reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and saponins.
Conclusion: The different results demonstrate that Ficus mucosa and haloperidol have comparable effects, which justifies their use in traditional medicine.
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3.1 ACCEPTABLE USE.
You are only authorized to visit, view and retain a single copy of the pages of this Site solely for educational purposes for your own individual, noncommercial use. You may incorporate insubstantial portions of materials in an amount not to exceed ten percent (10%) of any individual book or journal issue where these are included in a database, and not more than five percent (5%) of the total database content retrieved from the Site into your materials, but you may not duplicate, download, publish, modify or otherwise distribute any material on this Site for any purpose other than your own individual, educational use unless you have received prior specific authorization in writing from the JEATB Permissions Department. For purposes of this Agreement, educational use shall include teaching, distance learning, private study and/or research. If you are accessing the Services described in Section 1.2 above, your use shall also be governed by the terms of your applicable Access Agreement or other agreement.
3.2 RESTRICTIONS ON USE.
Except as expressly permitted by this Agreement or your separate Access Agreement(s) or other agreement(s) (if applicable) or JEATB's Article Access Sharing policy, you may not, nor may you permit or authorize or encourage others to: (a) copy any portion of the Site and/or Services; (b) use the Services to provide a third party access to the Services, or any portion thereof, absent our express written permission; (c) use the Services to develop any database or other information resource for internal use, except as provided in Section 2; or (d) create compilations or derivative works of the materials on the Site or available through the Services. If you are accessing the Services described in Section 1.2 above, your use shall also be governed by the terms of your applicable Access Agreement or other agreement.
3.3 PROHIBITED USES.
You may not, nor may you permit, authorize or encourage others to: (a) store in any information retrieval system, transfer, publish, distribute, display to others, broadcast, sell, or sublicense the Services, or any portion of the Site or the Services; (b) use the Services to develop any database, database service (online or otherwise), or other information resource in any medium (print, electronic or otherwise, now existing or developed in the future) for sale or license to or use by others; (c) remove, disable, or defeat any functionality in the Services designed to limit or control access to or use of the Services or to protect the rights of JEATB or its licensors as copyright owners; (d) use the Services for the benefit of any third party, including without limitation, in an outsourcing or timesharing arrangement, or in the operation of a service bureau; (e) sell, lease, sublicense, distribute, or otherwise transfer the Services to any person, firm, or entity; (f) decompile, disassemble create or attempt to create, by reverse engineering or otherwise, the source code from any object code accessible as part of the Site or Services; (g) use this Site or the Services in any other inappropriate, objectionable, harmful or illegal manner; or (h) use, copy or otherwise access any restricted-access portion of the Site, the Services or any content or materials contained in any such area of the Services for which you have not been licensed and invoiced by us. If for any reason, you access or permit others to access any such content or materials which have not been licensed to you, these terms and conditions apply to your use of such content and materials and you agree to pay all applicable charges. If you are accessing the Services described in Section 1.2 above, your use shall also be governed by the terms of your applicable Access Agreement or other agreement.
3.4 PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES.
You are responsible for all of your activities and those authorized users you permit to access the Site and/or the Services through your facilities in accordance with your Access Agreement or other agreement, if applicable. You may not violate or attempt to violate the security of the Site and/or the Services. Accordingly, you shall not (a) circumvent or attempt to circumvent any security measures designed to control access to the Site and/or the Services or in any way obtain or attempt to obtain unauthorized access to or use of any elements or portion of the Site and/or the Services; (b) access data or materials not intended for you; (c) log into a server or account which you are not authorized to access; (d) attempt to probe, scan or test the vulnerability of a system or network or to breach security or authentication measures without proper authorization; (e) use this Site and/or the Services to infringe the intellectual property rights of others in any way – be advised that it is our policy to terminate the accounts of repeat infringers of copyright; (f) use this Site and/or the Services or make any attempt to penetrate, modify or manipulate this Site and/or the Services or any of JEATB’s hardware or software in order to: invade the privacy of, obtain the identity of, or obtain any personal information about any third party; (g) attempt to interfere with service to any user, host or network, including without limitation, by submitting any harmful code, trojan horse, worm or virus to the Site and/or the Services, any denial of service attack, overloading, mailbombing or attempted crashing of the Site and/or the Services or the software or hardware used in providing the Site and/or the Services; (h) spoof or otherwise impersonate any individual or entity, or forge, delete or alter any part of TCP/IP packet header information in any e-mail or other posting; (i) create "deep links" into pages other than the front page of the Site; or (j) assist or permit any persons in engaging in any of the activities described above.
4. CONSEQUENCES OF UNACCEPTABLE USE.
We reserve all rights, including without limitation the right to investigate and to involve and cooperate with law enforcement authorities, and to pursue a civil lawsuit and/or criminal prosecution for any alleged or actual illegal activities involving this Site and/or any of the Services, as well as the right to terminate your access to the Site and/or the Services.
5. PRIVACY AND INFORMATION YOU SUBMIT.
At the Site, we may collect your personal information which may be obtained as part of your registration for and use of the Site and/or the Services in accordance with our Privacy Policy.
6. PASSWORDS; SECURITY.
In order to access certain Services offered through the Site, you may be required to pay fees and/or accept additional terms and conditions and in such event you may be provided with a number, code, or other sequence or other access information that provides you with access to certain restricted Services (the "ID" ) and to your account (the "Password" ). You are the sole and exclusive owner of the Password and ID combination. In no event will you disclose to anyone such Password or ID and you agree to treat all such information as strictly confidential at all times. Maintaining the confidentiality and security of your Password and ID is solely your responsibility. You are fully responsible for the use and protection of the Password and ID and for all transactions undertaken by means of any account opened, held, accessed or used via your Password and ID. You shall notify us immediately and confirm in writing any unauthorized use of accounts or any breach of security, including, without limitation any loss, theft or unauthorized use of your Password(s), IDs and/or account number(s). If we have reasonable grounds to suspect that the security of your Password has been compromised, we have the right to suspend or terminate your account, refuse any and all current or future use of the Services, and pursue any appropriate legal remedies. We shall not be responsible for any losses incurred in connection with any misuse of any Password or ID. You shall notify JEATB by email at onlinesupportus@jeatab.com of any known or suspected unauthorized use of the Services, of any known or suspected breach of security, including, without limitation, loss, theft, or unauthorized use of your Password or ID.
7. REPRESENTATIONS; WARRANTY DISCLAIMER.
Subject to the terms below, JEATB represents that it has the right to license the rights granted under this Agreement.
JEATB MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR LIABILITY WITH RESPECT TO YOUR USE OF THE SITE AND/OR THE SERVICES OR THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM YOUR USE OF THE SITE OR THE SERVICES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LIABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH ERRORS OR OMISSIONS, LIBEL, INFRINGEMENT OR VIOLATION OF RIGHTS OF PUBLICITY, PRIVACY, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, OR MORAL RIGHTS, OR THE DISCLOSURE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.
MOREOVER, EXCEPT FOR THE EXPRESS WARRANTIES STATED HEREIN, THE SITE AND THE SERVICES ARE PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS, AND JEATB DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS, COVENANTS, OR REPRESENTATIONS (EXPRESS, IMPLIED, ORAL OR WRITTEN), RELATING TO THE SITE AND/OR THE SERVICES OR TO ANY PARTS THEREOF, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. JEATB ALSO MAKES NO WARRANTIES RESPECTING AND SHALL HAVE NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY HARM THAT MAY BE CAUSED BY THE TRANSMISSION OF A COMPUTER VIRUS, WORM, TIME BOMB, LOGIC BOMB OR OTHER SUCH COMPUTER PROGRAM OR OTHERWISE. JEATB FURTHER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION TO ANY THIRD PARTY.
NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING HEREIN TO THE CONTRARY, JEATB SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR THE INABILITY TO USE THE SITE AND/OR THE SERVICES (EVEN IF JEATB HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES). IN ADDITION, JEATB SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES OR LIABILITY THAT RESULT OR ARISE FROM THE RESULTS OF YOUR USE OR YOUR INABILITY TO USE THE SITE AND/OR ANY OTHER PART OF THE SERVICES. BECAUSE SOME STATES OR JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. BUT, TO THE EXTENT THE FOREGOING LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY ARE, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, HELD TO BE INAPPLICABLE OR UNENFORCEABLE FOR ANY REASON, THEN THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF JEATB FOR ANY REASON AND UPON ANY CAUSE OF ACTION (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY AND OTHER ACTIONS IN CONTRACT OR TORT) ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO THE SITE, THE SERVICES AND/OR THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE LIMITED TO YOUR DIRECT DAMAGES ACTUALLY INCURRED UP TO TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS ($250). IN ADDITION, IF YOU ARE A COMPANY DOING BUSINESS IN CALIFORNIA, YOU HEREBY WAIVE CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE §1542, WHICH SAYS:"A general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know or suspect to exist in his favor at the time of executing the release, which if known by him must have materially affected his settlement with the debtor" AND YOU HEREBY WAIVE ANY AND ALL SIMILAR STATE STATUTES THAT MAY APPLY.
8. INDEMNITY.
You agree to indemnify and hold JEATB harmless, and, at JEATB’s request, to defend JEATB from and against any claim, demand, cause of action, debt, damage, loss or liability, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, to the extent that such action is based upon, arises out of, or relates to: (i) your use of (or inability to use) this Site and/or the Services; (ii) your violation of the terms and conditions of this Agreement; (iii) the infringement by you, or any other person using your ID, Password and/or account, of any right of any person or entity; or (iv) any other activities of yours accomplished using this Site and/or the Services. You agree to cooperate as fully as reasonably required in the defense of any such claim. JEATB reserves the right, at its own expense, to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter subject to indemnification by you. This indemnity shall be in addition to and not limited by any other indemnity.
9. ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.
This Agreement governs your use of the Site and access to the Services. To the extent that any provision of this Agreement, or any supplemental agreement offered as any part of any registration for additional Services on this Site, conflicts with any provision of any other agreement(s) between you and JEATB or any of its related or affiliated entities, the terms of this Agreement, shall, as to the specific subject matter of this Agreement, take precedence over the conflicting term(s) of such other agreement(s). In the event this Agreement conflicts with any provision of your Access Agreement(s) or other agreement(s), the relevant terms of the applicable Access Agreement(s) or other agreement(s) shall take precedence over the conflicting term(s) of this Agreement; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not apply to any terms concerning governing law, jurisdiction, venue, dispute resolution, or any other similar terms.
10. APPLICABLE LAWS.
If you are accessing a JEATB Publications site pursuant to an Access Agreement or other agreement executed by JEATB, the substantive laws of the State of Cameroon will govern any dispute arising under this Agreement, without regard to any conflict of laws provisions.
If you are accessing JEATB site pursuant to an Access Agreement or other agreement executed by JEATB, the substantive laws of England will govern any dispute arising under this Agreement, without regard to any conflict of laws provisions.
For any and all other access and use of JEATB site, the substantive laws of the State of Cameroon will govern any dispute arising under this Agreement, without regard to any conflict of laws provisions.
11. DISPUTE RESOLUTION.
If you are accessing JEATB site pursuant to an Access Agreement or other agreement executed by JEATB, any controversy, claim or dispute arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in Adamaoua Region, Cameroon with its then-existing Commercial Arbitration Rules. The award rendered by the arbitrator or arbitrators shall be final, and judgment may be entered upon it in accordance with applicable law in any court having jurisdiction thereof. Each party consents to, and waives any right to object to, jurisdiction with respect to the resolution of disputes hereunder in Cameroon. In any legal action or other proceedings (including arbitration proceedings) between the parties, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover from the non-prevailing party all reasonable costs and expenses incurred in such action or proceeding, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the parties specifically reserve the right to seek provisional remedies or injunctive relief or other equitable remedy in a court of competent jurisdiction without waiving any right to arbitration.
If you are accessing JEATB site pursuant to an Access Agreement or other agreement executed by JEATB, any controversy, claim or dispute arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the breach thereof may be settled by arbitration, before one (1) arbitrator, administered by the International Chamber of Commerce under its then current Commercial Arbitration Rules, and judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. The place of arbitration shall be Ngaoundere, Cameroon. The arbitrator shall apply the substantive law of Cameroon applicable to the claims asserted. The arbitrator shall determine how the fees will be allocated between the parties and may award the prevailing party all or part of its costs and reasonable attorney fees. The arbitration award shall be final and binding on the parties and judgment upon any award may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the parties specifically reserve the right to seek provisional remedies, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedy in a court of competent jurisdiction, without waiving any right to arbitration.
For any and all other access and use of JEATB site, the dispute resolution process described above for users and customers of JEATB shall apply.
12. GENERAL.
Without limiting any other remedy available to us, we may suspend or terminate this Agreement and your access to the Services and/or Site under this Agreement if we have reason to believe that you have failed to comply with your obligations under this Agreement. Upon termination, cancellation or expiration of this Agreement for any reason and by either party, you agree to cease all use of the Services. Certain provisions of these terms and conditions may be superseded by expressly designated legal notices or terms located on particular pages at this Site or in conjunction with the Services. No delay or failure to enforce any provision of this Agreement will constitute a waiver of such provision by JEATB or act as estoppel against later enforcement. Subject to the terms of Section 9 (Order of Precedence), this Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between you and JEATB with respect to the specific subject matter addressed herein, and governs your use of the Site and/or the Services, superseding any prior agreements between you and JEATB relating to such subject matter, but this Agreement may be supplemented by any other agreement you enter into with JEATB pursuant to a registration to access certain features of the Site and/or the Services such as an Access Agreement or other agreement. You may not assign any of your rights or delegate any of your obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of JEATB. You may not assert any claim or cause of action arising out of or relating to your use of the Site and/or the Services more than one year after the date such claim or cause of action arose. JEATB shall not be deemed to be in breach of this Agreement due to any delay or failure of performance or interruption in the availability of the Site and/or the Services resulting directly or indirectly from any act of nature or other cause beyond the reasonable control of JEATB. If any provision of this Agreement is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the provision, and that the other provisions of this Agreement remain in full force and effect. The section headings used in this Agreement are for convenience only and have no legal or contractual effect.
JEATB may terminate this Agreement for any reason at any time without any advance notice to you. Notwithstanding any such early termination, Sections 2 through 12 of this Agreement shall survive any expiration, cancellation or termination of this Agreement.
BY USING OR ACCESSING THIS SITE AND/OR THE SERVICES, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ, UNDERSTAND AND AGREE TO BE LEGALLY BOUND BY THIS AGREEMENT AND THESE TERMS OF SERVICE.
